The Ship Model Forum

Tumbling shells is a feature of the 12"/50 cal guns. I believe Invincible had the earlier 12"/45, which when adjusted for size was comparable in accuracy to 13.5 or 15" guns.

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Assessing the impact of new area rug under modeling table.

You have to distinguish the period about which you're talking when discussing naval gunfire. Before 1850, gunfire was at most a few hundred yards. by 1890, Camperdown's 13.5 inch guns would penetrate 27 inches of iron at 1,000 yards. By 1905, Tsushima was fought at 4,000 to 8,000 yards.

At the Falklands, the British were shocked to be straddled by von Spee at 15,000 yards with his 8.2 inch guns, which they credited with an absolute maximum of 16,000 yard range. As for sturdiness, Gneisnenau took 50 12-inch hits before sinking. One British ship fired 109 rounds per gun, even though the allowance was 80. Perhaps their bad shooting is due to the very long range and the absence of any operating range computer gear.

WW.I was a period of rapid development. in 1914 the German Fleet thought the maximum possible range for hits was 15Km. After Dogger Bank, Germans (like the British) worked to improve ranges through the spotting controls and computers. By Jutland, the shortest maximum range for German capital ships was at least 16.2Km[1] with a few ships able to shoot a little further[2]. A key development was a three phase AC motor which would keep the rangekeeping information in absolute synchrony between the plot and the turrets. These motors were removed before the ships sailed to Scapa Flow.

[1] Friedman, Naval Firepower, Gunnery report of SMS von der Tann, p. 161

[2] Gunnery report of ibid, p. 160

I am laboring without my primary source on Jutland, which is at the office.

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If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.

-- "A Nation at Risk" (1983)

Germans belonged to the short range school at the eve of WWI. It is not that they did not believe hits can be scored at longer ranges. It's that they thought decisive effect would not likely be achieved until ranges fell under 8000 yards. The British and French belonged to the medium range school. Austro-Hungarians and the Russians were the only real champions of long range gunnery on the even of WWI. Both Russians and Austro-Hungarians already thought in terms of engagements beyond 20,000 yards even before the start of WWI. As it turned out, the actual ranges seen in WWI considerably exceeded both German and British expectations, and were in the ranges expected by the Russians and Austro-hungarians

Perhaps due to expectation of engagement at longer range than other powers, Czarist Russian long range gunnery was in fact outstanding, superior to the Japanese in 1904 and superior to the Germans in 1914-1918, and much underrated both during Russo-Japanese war and during WWI in general narrations that emphasizes the general corruption and incompetence of the Russian state.

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Assessing the impact of new area rug under modeling table.

Conditions prevailing in the North Sea for much of the year imply engagements there will be short range and of relatively short duration at least nine months a year.

The Kaisermarine evidently designed a fleet to fit this battlefield, which belies it's name High Seas Fleet.

If the Kaiser's fleet did get past the Dover blockade or Scapa Flow, it would find itself already short of fuel and in conditions for which it's ships were unsuited.

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If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.

-- "A Nation at Risk" (1983)

However, on the eve of WWI the Germans were seriously experimenting with installing diesel engines on the center shaft of some of their 3 shaft dreadnought in order to give themselves the ability to deploy one dreadnought battle squadron to an oversea station, probably in the Mediterrainean.

Whether this was another one of Kaiser Wilhelm's birdbrained schemes, or whether this was take in response to a thoughtful prognosis of where European politics was headed before being rudely interrupted by WWI, I don't know. But actions of Russia, France and Germany do suggest that there is widespread expectation of a struggle for naval influence in the Med before 1920 before the pre-war world suddenly began to immolate itself with the guns of August.

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Assessing the impact of new area rug under modeling table.

Assuming we exclude the all-big-gun armored cruisers...doesn't Ibuki beat the snot out of any opponent?

The German reply was initiated at 1.30pm and the range was below 12000yards Sturdee wanted to maintain his range at 16000yards. During the first thirty minutes of the engagement both Inflexible and Invincible had expended no less than 210 rounds on 12inch ammunition scoring three hits on Gneisenau and one on Scharnhorst. A good rate of fire but poor marksmanship.
Dave Wooley

I don't believe their equipment offered any correction for trunnion tilt at that time. How many hits did the Germans score during that same initial period?

The big problem facing Sturdee in the first 30mintes that made the shooting so problematic was dence clouds of smoke from the German ships constantly obscuing the targets.
Dave Wooley

There doesn't seem to be any real consensus to answer your question with any certainty. HW Wilson makes the point that Gneisenau discharged 1000 rounds during the entire engagement, Which is some what contradictory as much of the magazine was depleted at Coronel but what is known there were a number of shells fired from both German armoured cruisers that failed to explode on impact. What is interesting is that the 8.2inch and the 5.9inch were hitting the British battle cruisers, particularly Invincible with a consistency that seemed to be lacking from both British ships.
Dave Wooley

The fact that the Germans began zig-zagging was a surprise to the British, who expected the ships of both sides to maintain steady formation fire in order to maximize hits. Zig-zagging threw away the chance for scoring at long range. Perhaps von Spee was counting on the British having a limited magazine capacity.

Blucher may have not been the best armored cruiser. She is burdened by short range, small guns and a reciprocating engine. A better Armored Cruiser might be the last of the US "Big Ten", like ACR-13, USS Missoula, (ex USS Montana). Armor and machinery were roughly comparable, but she has 4 x 10-inch/45, making her a semi-dreadnought, in addition to her 16x6 inch.

After the Washington Treaty there was serious consideration given to refitting them with engines similar to the ones projected for Ranger and lengthening them fore and aft, which would have given them lines similar to Omaha. They would have been the most powerful cruisers in the 1940s and 1950s. However, it was considered to be a disingenuous act after rallying Congress to build so many new heavy cruisers, and they were scrapped instead, or converted into auxiliaries.

Of course Russia, Japan, Austria and several other countries had armored cruisers which I have not condidered in detail which were probably superior in every detail.

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If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.

-- "A Nation at Risk" (1983)

Considering how long Blucher survived under the shelling of Royal Navy Battle Cruisers equipped with 12in and 13.5in Battleship size guns, you'de have to say she was the best built conventional Armoured Cruiser. Nothing wrong with her guns either. I vote for her. But Now, I am talking conventional recognized Armoured Cruisers. Not the ships given 12in BB guns. I call them Battle Cruisers.
Blucher is and has always been my candidate for conversion to a commerce raider early on. She had no purpose in a Battle Fleet or BC force, so unship her wing turrets, go to sea as a commerce raider with fore and aft turrets. Your only goal is to sink Merchant ships, not fight unless you have to and you are more or less proof against alot of RN LCs. Your extra space in the wings go for coal and supplies. She was sunk at Dogger Bank to no gain, out at sea in a converted role, she would do some real damage. And before anyone says she couldn't do it, simply read up on what a few slow merchant ships with old guns did. Make use of your assets, send her out to raid. The assumption is she will most likely not come back. But, she might survive and she will for sure kill alot of British shipping.

Bob B.

In addition to Blucher taking so much punishment at Dogger Bank,

Think about how long Von Spee's ships survived at the Falklands. The Germans knew how to build a tough armored cruiser.

I don't have any of my sources handy here at work, but was Blucher's range similar to the Scharnhorst class ships?

IMO, Blucher would have really shined if she had been Von Spee's flagship at the Falklands. The battle might have turned out very differently if Blucher and S&G were facing Sturdee's battlecruisers.

The battlecruisers still more powerful, but... how effectively could they have engaged 3 targets? It seems shifting fire back and forth to cover the third ship would make accurate shooting more difficult, and you wouldn't want to leave any of the German armored cruisers unfired upon. The battlecruiser's have one strake of 6" armor at the waterline, all 3 of the German ships are completely armored amidships to the upper deck. Bluchers belt was nearly 7" thick admidships. It all comes down to timing, can the BC's turn the armored cruisers into burning wrecks before an 8.2" shell finds a weak spot...

Also, Rurik II has been brought up as well. Another fine ship, but I still give Blucher the edge because she is much faster. I have never found Rurik's all out top speed, but Blucher did nearly 26 knots on trial. I have read Rurik could do 21 knots "easy steaming" but never found a reference to her "forced draft" speed.

I believe the 12-inch shells had a well-known chill defect which caused them to break up on impact. See Campbell.

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If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.

-- "A Nation at Risk" (1983)

Indeed, Blucher was a waste as an element of the German High Seas Fleet. Being not fit for the Battle Line, her place was on foreign station or refitted as a sort of WWI pocket BB raider. Without the armour and turrets on her wings, she had massive space for coal and stores. Although fine as she was, she was built to an outdated design with the BCs taking over her role. Foreign service and or raiding would have made the most of the mistake of building her at a time that the Royal Navy was building BCs.
The Falklands Battle proved a couple of things. In their role as Armoured Cruiser killers, Fishers BCs were superb. As ship builders and gunnery artists, the German front line sailors were superb. I would expect the same from Blucher and her crew in an similar open seas operations.

Bob B.

As a commerce raider the Blucher would be checkmated by British battlecruisers just like S/G pair. Powered as she was by reciprocating engines, she could not possibly maintain peak performance for long without overhaul. Soon her maximum speed would drop to 24, then 23, then 22. Similar speed reduction will not afflict turbine powered Invincibles sent out to hunt her. The reciprocating engines may be slightly more economic on coal than early turbines, but the British have coaling bases almost whereever they might need them, the Germans very few and each of them watched over like hawks by either the British or her allies.

The Germans thought the battlecruisers were to be an evolutionary improvement over existing armored cruisers, so they built an evolutionary improvement over existing armored cruiser to counter it. But they were wrong, and Blucher was hardly worth her steel form day one.

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Assessing the impact of new area rug under modeling table.

Commerce raiders sink merchant ships. How many German commerce raiders were sunk by British Battle Cruisers? The merchant cruisers that Germany put to sea, including an old sailing ship did just fine on the sea lanes. You gotta find 'em to sink them. How long is the RN going to keep BCs at sea chasing around after a big German commerce raider. One needs to read the history of German World War I commerce raiding to judge the Blucher. If she goes down to 22 knots, who cares? Nobody. You don't need 22 knots to catch merchant ships. When and if a British Battle Cruiser finds you, you are sunk, whether raiding in the North Atlantic or chasing the tail of your own BC on the Dogger Bank.
I'de assume Blucher at sea would sink 40 merchant ships before anyone laid a glove on her. In fact, the more British BCs that sail around in circles searching for a needle in a haystack, the better. Gives the German High Seas Fleet BC force a clearer shot at bombarding the UK coast and drawing an inferior RN BC force to certain distruction. The war at sea had to be fought in many places at once. RN BCs out in the Atlantic for months on end? That would make the High Seas Fleet all the happier. Mission accomplished Blucher. Use your ships where they can pay off, Blucher in the North Sea was a zero, a waste of men and guns. I doubt any merchant ship she found in the Atlantic would feel she was a zero.


Bob B.

Successful commerce raiders have inconspicuous shapes that can escape notice when otherwise superior fire power might await it. Is Blucher inconspicuous? How many conspicuously warship looking German commerce raiders escaped for long the attention of the British navy? How many German warships were still about commerce raiding in 1915? For a total of how many month was there a German warship commerce raiding during WWII? Warships are coal hogs that requires huge amount of coal compare to steamers that can only do 8 knots. Where would Blucher find the coal? S/G paid for attempts to find coal with their lives. Would Blucher's life be more immune to the taking? Blucher in Northsea was not doomed to be a zero. She could at least be used to savage British light cruiser screen, or strike quickly against British armor cruiser patrol in the North Sea. But for much of early war, British patrol in the North Sea was sustained by old armored cruisers, ships that Blucher could actually take on, unlike her intended targets such as the Invincible. That she turned out to be zero was the fault of the commander of German Highsea fleet, not her position in the North Sea.

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Assessing the impact of new area rug under modeling table.

As a rule it's a fool's errand to design one ship specifically to engage another specific ship or class.

As a commerce raider, the single ship Blucher if deployed, would require the RN to commit ships out of all proportion to Blucher's cost to the Kaiser. Even the pitiful Far East Fleet required the deployment of battlecruisers, armored cruisers, light cruisers and at least one predreadnought. How many sailors who could be on destroyers and other ships?

An armored cruiser like Blucher completely outclasses auxiliary cruisers made from fast merchantmen and passenger ships, and require the deployment of first class warships in an organized fashion to hunt it down.

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If an unfriendly power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.

-- "A Nation at Risk" (1983)

It may be a fool's errand to build a class of ships to counter a particular class of ships from another country, but such was often the case.

A stripped-down Blucher in the form of a WWI version of the Panzerschiffe sounds like a great idea. Look at the times individual German ships have tied up RN assets out of all proportion to the threat.

Where to find coal? I'd bet there would be plentiful coal supplies inside some of those merchant ships Blucher would be knocking off.

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Les Foran
On the Oregon Trail